INDIAN HISTORY BY ANAMIKA ACADEMY AND ANGEL ACADEMY

The history of textbooks dates back to civilizations of ancient history. For example,  wrote texts intended for education. The modern textbook has its roots in the standardization made possible by the printing press.  himself may have printed editions of Ars Minor, a schoolbook on Latin grammar by . Early textbooks were used by tutors and teachers, who used the books as instructional aids as well as individuals who taught themselves.

The Greek philosopher  lamented the loss of knowledge because the media of transmission were changing. Before the invention of the  2,500 years ago, knowledge and stories were recited aloud, much like 's epic poems. The new technology of writing meant stories no longer needed to be memorized, a development Socrates feared would weaken the Greeks' mental capacities for memorizing and retelling. (Ironically, we know about Socrates' concerns only because they were written down by his student  in his famous Dialogues.) 

The next revolution for books came with the 15th-century invention of printing with changeable type. The invention is attributed to German metalsmith , who cast type in molds using a melted metal alloy and constructed a wooden-screw  to transfer the image onto paper.

Gutenberg's first and only large-scale printing effort was the now iconic  in the 1450s — a Latin translation from the Hebrew Old Testament and the , copies of which can be viewed on the British Library website. Gutenberg's invention made mass production of texts possible for the first time. Although the Gutenberg Bible itself was expensive, printed books began to spread widely over European trade routes during the next 50 years, and by the 16th century, printed books had become more widely accessible and less costly.

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With higher education costs on the rise, many students are becoming sensitive to every aspect of college pricing, including textbooks, which in many cases amount to one tenth of tuition costs. The 2005 Government Accountability Office report on college textbooks said that since the 1980s, textbook and supply prices have risen twice the rate of inflation in the past two decadesA 2005 PIRG study found that textbooks cost students $900 per year, and that prices  increased four times the rate of inflation over the past decade. A June 2007 Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance (ACSFA) report, “Turn the Page,” reported that the average U.S. student spends $700–$1000 per year on textbooks.

While many groups have assigned blame to publishers, bookstores or faculty, the ACSFA also found that assigning blame to any one party—faculty, colleges, bookstores or publishers—for current textbook costs is unproductive and without merit. The report called on all parties within the industry to work together to find productive solutions, which included a movement toward  and other lower-cost digital solutions.

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Education and the subsequent growth of schooling in Europe led to the printing of many standardized texts for children. Textbooks have become the primary teaching instrument for most children since the 19th century. Two textbooks of historical significance in United States schooling were the 18th century  and the 19th century

Technological advances change the way people interact with textbooks. Online and digital materials are making it increasingly easy for students to access materials other than the traditional print textbook. Students now have access to electronic and PDF books, online tutoring systems and video lectures. An example of an electronically published book, or e-book

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Most notably, an increasing number of authors are foregoing commercial publishers and offering their textbooks under a  or other open license.

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