BHARAT NO VARSO 4 MATERIAL FILES
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The textbook market does not operate in the same manner as most consumer markets. First, the end consumers (students) do not select the product, and the people(faculty and professors) who do select the product do not purchase it. Therefore, price is removed from the purchasing decision, giving the producer (publishers) disproportionate market power to set prices high. However, so? argue that textbooks are really part of another product; the class that the student registered to take. But the price of the textbook still isn't typically taken into account when this occurs and isn't part of the perception of the product.
This fundamental difference in the market is often cited as the primary reason that prices are high. The term "broken market" first appeared in the economist James Koch's analysis of the market commissioned by the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance
This situation is exacerbated by the lack of competition in the textbook market in the past few decade has reduced the number of major textbook companies from around 30 to just a handful. Consequently, there is less competition than there used to be, and the high cost of starting up keeps new companies from entering.
New editions and the used book market
Students seek relief from rising prices through the purchase of textbooks, which tend to be less expensive. Most college bookstores offer used copies of textbooks at lower prices. Most bookstores will also buy used copies back from students at the end of a term if the book is going to be re-used at the school. Books that are not being re-used at the school are often purchased by an off-campus wholesaler for 0-30% of the new cost, for distribution to other bookstores where the books will be sold. Textbook companies have countered this by encouraging faculty to assign homework that must be done on the publisher's website. If a student has a new textbook, then he or she can use the pass code in the book to register on the site. If the student has purchased a used textbook, then he or she must pay money directly to the publisher in order to access the website and complete assigned homework.
Students who look beyond the campus bookstore can typically find lower prices. With the ISBN or title, author and edition, most textbooks can be located through online used book sellers or retailers.
Most leading textbook companies publish a new edition every 3 or 4 years, more frequently in math & science. Harvard economics chair James K. Stock has stated that new editions are often not about significant improvements to the content. "New editions are to a considerable extent simply another tool used by publishers and textbook authors to maintain their revenue stream, that is, to keep up prices,"] A study conducted by The Student found that a new edition costs 12% more than a new copy of previous edition, and 58% more than a used copy of the previous edition.
A mortgage loan, or simply mortgage, is used either by purchasers of to raise funds to buy real estate, or alternatively by existing property owners to raise funds for any purpose, while putting a on the property being mortgaged. The loan is on the borrower's property through a process known as . This means that a is put into place which allows the lender to take possession and sell the secured property to pay off the loan in the event the borrower defaults on the loan or otherwise fails to abide by its terms. The word mortgage is derived from a term used by in the meaning "death pledge", and refers to the pledge ending (dying) when either the obligation is fulfilled or the property is taken through foreclosure. Mortgage can also be described as "a borrower giving consideration in the form of a collateral for a benefit (loan)."
Mortgage borrowers can be individuals mortgaging their home or they can be businesses (for example, their own business premises, residential property let to tenants or an. The lender will typically be a financial institution, such depending on the country concerned, and the loan arrangements can be made either directly or indirectly through intermediaries. Features of mortgage loans such as the size of the loan, maturity of the loan, interest rate, method of paying off the loan, and other characteristics can vary considerably. The lender's rights over the secured property take priority over the borrower's other which means that if the borrower becomes , the other creditors will only be repaid the debts owed to them from a sale of the secured property if the mortgage lender is repaid in full first.
In many jurisdictions, it is normal for home purchases to be funded by a mortgage loan. Few individuals have enough savings or liquid funds to enable them to purchase property outright. In countries where the demand for is highest, strong domestic markets for mortgages have developed. Mortgages can either be funded through the banking sector (that is, through short-term deposits), or through the capital markets through a process called "securitization", which converts pools of mortgages into fungible bonds that can be sold to investors in small denominations.
According to Anglo-American , a mortgage occurs when an owner pledges his or her interest (right to the property) as for a loan. Therefore, a mortgage is an (limitation) on the right to the property just as an would be, but because most mortgages occur as a condition for new loan money, the word mortgage has become the generic term for a secured by such . As with other types of loans, mortgages have an and are scheduled to over a set period of time, typically 30 years. All types of real property can be, and usually are, secured with a mortgage and bear an interest rate that is supposed to reflect the lender's risk.
Mortgage lending is the primary mechanism used in many countries to finance private ownership of residential and commercial property. Although the terminology and precise forms will differ from country to country, the basic components tend to be simila
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