SINDHU KHIN NI SANSKRUTI

 

SINDHU KHIN NI SANSKRUTI

The history of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization, which we also know as the Harappan Civilization.

This civilization was spread around 2500 BC in the western part of South Asia, which is currently known as Pakistan and Western India.

The Indus Valley Civilization was more advanced than the four largest ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China.

In 1920, two ancient cities like Harappa and Mohenjodado were discovered from the remains found from the excavation of the Indus Valley by the Archaeological Department of India.

In 1924, the then Director General of the Indian Archaeological Department, John Marshall, announced the discovery of a new civilization in the Indus Valley.

Stages of Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization has three stages.

Early Harappan Civilization (to 3300 BC-2600 BC) Mature Harappan Civilization (to 2600 BC-1900 BC) North Harappan Civilization (to 1900 BC-1300 BC)

The early Harappan phase is related to the 'Hakra Charan', which is marked in the Ghaggar-Hakra river valley.

The first example of the Harappan script is dated to around 3000 BC.

The characteristics of this phase were the presence of a central unit and increasing urban qualities.

The trade area was developed and evidence of farming has also been found. At that time, peas, sesame seeds, dates, cotton, etc. were cultivated.

The place called Kotdiji represents the phase of the mature Harappan civilization.

2600 BC By the time the Indus Valley Civilization had entered its mature state.

By the advent of the mature Harappan civilization, the early Harappan civilization had transformed into major urban centers. Such as Harappa and Mohenjodaro in present-day Pakistan and Lothal which is presently located in the state of Gujarat in India.

The gradual decline of the Indus Valley Civilization began in 1800 BC. It is believed to be from 1700 BC. By the time many cities of the Harappan civilization were finished.

But its elements can also be seen in the cultures after the ancient Indus Valley Civilization.

According to some archaeological data, the last time of the North Harappan period was 1000 BC. - 900 BC Till it has been told.

Urban planning and configuration

The Harappan civilization is known for its urban planning system.

The cities of Mohenjodaro and Harappa each had their own fortifications, which were situated some height above the city, in which supposedly high class people resided.

Below the fort were usually bricks-built towns in which ordinary people resided.

One noteworthy thing of the Harappan civilization is that the grid system existed in this civilization under which the roads cut each other at right angles.

The construction of granaries was a major feature of the cities of the Harappan civilization.

The use of burnt bricks was a major feature of the Harappan civilization as dry bricks were used to construct houses in contemporary Egypt.

The drainage system was very effective in the Harappan civilization.

Every small and big house had its own bathroom and courtyard.

Wells were not found in many houses in Kalibanga.

In some places such as Lothal and Dhaulavira the entire configuration was strong and divided into parts by city walls.

Agriculture

The Harappai villages were mainly located near the Plavan plains, which produced substantial quantities of grain.

Wheat, barley, mustard, sesame, lentils etc. were produced. There are also indications of millet production from some places in Gujarat, while the use of rice here is comparatively rare.

The humans of the Indus civilization first started cotton cultivation.

Real agricultural traditions are difficult to reconstruct because the primacy of agriculture is measured by its grain production capacity.

Sculptures of bulls have been found on the seals and terracotta sculptures, and archaeological excavations have yielded evidence of a field associated with oxen.

Most places of Harappan civilization have been found in semi-arid regions, where irrigation is required for farming.

The remains of the canals have been found in the Harappan site Shortugai Afghanistan, but not in Punjab and Sindh.

The Harappans used to do large-scale animal husbandry along with agriculture.

The evidence of the horse is meticulously found in a skeptical terracotta figurine of Mohenjodaro and Lothal. The Harappai culture was not a horse-centric under any circumstances.

Economy

Countless number of seals, uniform script, weight and methods of measurement reveal the importance of trade in the life of the people of Indus Valley Civilization.

The Harappans used to trade stones, metals, oysters or shellfish.

Metal currency was not used. The barter system of trade existed.

They also had efficient shipping systems along the Arabian Sea coast.

They established their trading settlements in northern Afghanistan, where there was authentically trade from Central Asia.

The Harappans had commercial connections with the area of ​​the Tigris-Frat rivers.

The Harappans traded along the ancient 'lapis lazuli' route, possibly related to the social background of the high people.

The art of the craft -

The method of making Harappan bronze objects was well known for its use.

Copper was sourced from the Khetri mine of Rajasthan and tin was presumably brought from Afghanistan.

Stamps used in the weaving industry have been found on many items.

The large brick-built structures reveal the existence of masons as well as important crafts like Rajgiri.

The method of making Harappan boat, the method of making bead, and the method of making seals were well known. The construction of terracotta sculptures was an important craft feature of the Harappan civilization.

The jeweler class manufactured jewelery from gold, silver and precious stones.

The method of making pottery was in full circulation, the Harappans had their own special methods of making utensils, the Harappans used to make shiny utensils.

Institutions

There is a small amount of written evidence from the Indus Valley Civilization, which has not yet been read by archaeologists and researchers.

According to one result, understanding the nature of state and institutions in the Indus Valley Civilization is a very difficult task.

Of a temple at Harappan sites

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